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. Note that if a pump, valve or loss element has no connections on one side this is assumed to connect directly to a reservoir.
A pump node is a directional node where a head (pressure) gain occurs. A pump can be included at any location in the pipe system. The types of pumps can be described in a variety of ways.
In addition a single Pump Node can represent up to 10 identical parallel (or series) pumps by selecting the configuration from the drop-down menu as seen here. This is a tremendous modeling time saver for handling multiple identical pumps. |
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| Sprinkler (SS & Surge) |
Regulator (SS & Surge) |
Loss Element
(SS & Surge) |
Active Valve
(SS & Surge) |
| A sprinkler node is a node where flow discharges to the atmosphere through an orifice. A sprinkler may also be used to simulate a leak or any pressure dependent flow. |
This directional node provides pressure or flow regulation and must have pipe links connected to both sides of the regulator. There are three types of regulating valves which can be automatically incorporated into your model. Pressure regulating valves regulate the pressure downstream from the valve. Pressure sustaining valves regulate the upstream pressure. Flow control valves regulate the flow. All of these valves are designed to operate in a throttled state and maintain a set condition. However, the valves may operate fully open or fully closed and be unable to maintain the set conditions. KYPIPE is designed to accommodate these three valves operating in both a normal (throttled) and abnormal (wide open or closed) mode. |
A loss element node is a directional node where a head (pressure) loss occurs. The loss element operates on a head/flow curve based on data provided in a head/flow table. A loss element is a directional node and multiple pipe links may be connected to either side. The directional indicator and the connections must be consistent with correct operation. If no pipe links are connected to one side, this is assumed to be a reservoir connection and the reservoir HGL must be provided. |
An Active Valve is a valve which may be opened, throttled, or closed for modeling purposes. The Pressure Loss/Flowrate relationship for an Active Valve is based on the valve type and the stem open ratio and is calculated and incorporated into the analysis. The open ratio can be changed by the user during a simulation. Five standard valves, as shown here are incorporated into KYPIPE using the Cv ratio vs. Stem Position. The only required data is the Cv 100% (fully opened flow coefficient, Cv). Resistance factor, R, may be used instead of Cv. Users can add data for additional valves. Note: the ON/OFF Valve node (internal node) may be used to model open/closed valves.
The active valve can be used to model a Check Valve and a 2-way resistance (using the Bypass Line feature). Note: for KYPIPE applications a Check Valve Node (internal node) is also available. |
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| Pressure Supply
(SS & Surge) |
Hydrotank (SS/EPS) |
Holding Tank (SS/EPS) |
Vacuum Breaker (SS) |
| A pressure supply node represents a connection to a supply where the available pressure depends on the flow supplied. For example, a connection to a transmission main may represent a primary source for a system to be analyzed and the pressure available in the main may vary significantly with the amount of flow withdrawn at that point. Most connections to existing distribution systems should be modeled as variable pressure supplies. Head (pressure)/flow data must be provided. Usually data to characterize the supply is obtained from a hydrant flow test of a hydrant located close to the connection. AWWA and NFPA guidelines are used to compute the curve for available pressure as a function of flowrate using the hydrant test data as shown here. |
A Hydropnuematic or pressurized tank (Hydrotank) uses air pressure to supply pressure to move water out of tanks. When the pressure falls below the low setting a pump adds water until the pressure reaches the high setting. For this element an external pump with ON/OFF controls is incorporated in the Hydrotank Node element. The Hydrotank is for EPS applications and operates as a reservoir only for steady state applications. |
A Holding Tank normally accepts sewage effluent. When the effluent level reaches the High Level the pump operates until the effluent falls below the Low Level as shown above. For this element an external pump with ON/OFF controls is incorporated in the Holding Tank node. The Holding Tank is for EPS applications and operates as a reservoir only for steady state applications. |
This directional node is used to prevent a vacuum at high points in a system. The pipe is vented to the atmosphere, at atmospheric pressure. Elevation is the only required data. If the vacuum breaker is activated, the flow will be decreased and the pipe may flow partially full in regions beyond the breaker. |
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| Turbine (SS-Surge) |
Wicket Gate (SS-Surge) |
On/Off Valve (SS-Internal) |
Check Valve (SS-Internal) |
| This node is for modeling reaction turbines (Francis and Kaplan Turbines). Impulse turbines (Pelton Wheels) may be modeled using the active valve feature of the software as the turbine itself will not have any influence on the transient pressures in the penstock. The turbine characteristics data must be provided in Suter 4 quadrant format. Details are provided in the Pipe2000 online help. |
A Wicket Gate Node is essentially an Active Valve which may be opened, throttled, or closed for modeling purposes. |
An on/off valve is an internal node in a pipeline which will control and graphically display the open/closed status of the link. |
These valves allow flow only in the specified direction. If conditions exist for flow reversal, the valve closes and the line carries no flow. Check valve locations and allowed flow directions are specified in the input data. There are some restrictions on the placement of check valves which are noted as various components are discussed. |
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| Metered Connection (Internal) |
Inline Meter (SS-Internal (EPS) |
Hydrant (SS-Internal) |
Hydrant Monitor |
| This is an internal node where individual metered connections may be identified by ID. A demand and demand type is assigned to each meter. These demands are allocated to adjacent junction nodes. The allocation is based on the location within the pipeline. Thus demand is proportionally allocated, more demand going to the nearer junction, less to the further one. The Metered Connection Data is stored in a Meter Record File which can be updated externally. |
An Inline Meter is an Internal Node which can be designated for any pipe. For an EPS simulation, these meters produce a tabulated (report) of the total volume of flow passing through that pipe during the time period of the EPS. |
A hydrant is an internal node which models a fire hydrant. Test data can be provided and plots of the test data of one or multiple hydrants can be obtained. |
Hydrant/Monitor element allows the monitor (rotating nozzle) to operate while connecting a hose to one of two other connections (large & small). The Hydrant/Monitor may be analyzed with up to three discharges open simultaneously. The K values for the Hydrant/Monitor may be set at each individual hydrants using the Node Information Data box. Then the valves that are open may be selected in the Device Data box as shown above. |
