APPENDIX A – Non-uniform Spatial Grid
Surge Analysis and the Wave Plan Method
Supplementary Material: Example Problems and Solutions
Appendix A – Problem 6
A.6 WPM models pipe section friction losses using friction orifice elements. When working with most of the practical water distribution systems (transmission mains, branch networks as well as looped networks) it should be sufficient to model frictional loss using a single friction element placed in the middle of the pipe section. Under what circumstances, might it be necessary to model friction using multiple friction orifices?
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